The Rebellion of Youth (1964–1991)

HIPPIES – FLOWER CHILDREN

The wind carried me,
And it was the wind that sowed me.
The rivers are my sisters,
The trees are my brothers.
Birds are perching in the trees,
Fish are swimming in the river.
And I’m almost like a tree,
And I’m just like the wind.
Just please – don’t be angry
That it turned out this way.

Nieko man nereik (“I Don’t Need Anything”) by Antanėliai

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, amidst the social stagnation of the Brezhnev era, the song Nieko man nereik (“I Don’t Need Anything”) by the rock band Antanėliai was playing in Lithuania. The hippie movement, which began in the United States in the early 1960s, had reached the closed empire of the USSR. According to Romualdas Trachimas, the ideas of love, peace, flowers and light were intertwined with the idea of “flower children”. Man is a child of nature – free as the wind, carrying himself, sowing himself – almost like a tree where the birds of freedom perch, with rivers, his sisters, flowing beside him. Faced with an absurd system imposed by strangers, young people looked for resistance in nature, because this is what helped them and the world not to lie, not to live a lie, not to play with a lie. There was no other way to live. Such was the “[…] young people’s rebellion. Rebellion to be themselves, rebellion to create, rebellion to resist what cannot be. And that is completely natural. It’s probably in the nature of every person, especially young people, to change the world, to change it as it is, because the world is not perfect,” recalls Janina Matekonytė-Antanėlienė about her husband, Kęstutis Antanėlis.

Kaunas Polytechnic Institute students at work and recreation camp.

Kupiškis District, summer of 1968. Photo author unknown (personal archive of Algimantas Šešelgis)

The empty and unjust world of occupation was opposed by fashion, music, poetry and art, by a way of life and ignoring the Soviet system. It was a return to what was eternal and valuable. In the Soviet Union, the hippie movement was different than in the West. In persecuting the “flower children”, the Soviet political regime banned their forms of expression (living in communes, avoiding “work useful to society”, holding hippie gatherings and festivals). Young hippies gathered in free, non-committal, closed groups that were not bound by rules. These groups brought together like-minded people who had voluntarily “thrown themselves out” of society, but who had not strayed far from it. The mysterious world beckoned, attracted, enticed. What was new, forbidden and not yet experienced was especially tempting. There was a desire to know, to touch, to understand. The carefree days of youth intertwined with an appetite for reading and interaction. Young people learned to express their thoughts and defend their truth boldly, freely and without external pressures. This display of “lost” youth disheartened and annoyed the arrogant KGB officers who were feared by everyone. The regime cracked down. Some of the hippies did not work anywhere. For them, poetry, creativity, thinking and life itself were work. Everything else was a restrictive framework. These people got bangladesh – an article of the Penal Code that made “parasitism” a criminal offence. Like other young men, hippies were drafted into the Soviet Army. For a person not used to falling into line, the practices of муштра (a system of harsh military discipline) and дедовщина (the informal hazing and abuse of new recruits) posed a risk of mental and physical abuse. Even outside of the army, you could be arrested, beaten or shaved bald by the blue militiamen – icons of the spirit of the mature socialist era – just for appearing in a public place with “your symbols” (like long hair or bell bottoms).

Prominent Lithuanian hippies by the Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Church of Vytautas the Great) in Kaunas. From left to right: Valerijus Viksmanas-Fikusas, Aleksandras Jegorovas-Džyza (1952–2014), Alvitas Taunys-Guru (1949–1979).

Kaunas, 1970–1972. Photo author unknown (personal archive of Arūnė Taunytė)

The corrupt system offered its own way out of the army and prisons. You had to pretend to be crazy and get committed to a psychiatric hospital. In many cases, you didn’t even have to pretend – they would admit people by force. There, doctors could declare you mentally ill for a bribe or even for nothing (if you were particularly obnoxious), and you would get a so-called “white card” – a disability certificate. In this way, the regime distanced itself from the disobedient; it could lock you up in an insane asylum, treat you with dangerous drugs and turn you into a vegetable for even the slightest misunderstanding – “antisocial behaviour and lifestyle”. People like that weren’t forced to work and weren’t entrusted with defending the “Motherland”.

Hippie students of the Lithuanian SSR State Art Institute. On the right is second-year student Kazimieras Šešelgis.

Occupied Lithuania, summer of 1974. Photo author unknown (personal archive of Kazimieras Šešelgis)

Hippies had their favourite places to meet. In Vilnius, these places included “on the rocks” in Cathedral Square, the “Bermuda Triangle” (the Vaiva café, the Žibutė café and the Žuvėdra canteen), the Rotonda ice cream parlour in “Devil’s Valley”, and the Ugnelė (Bačka) bar. In Kaunas there was the “Bermuda Triangle” (the Miesto Sodas restaurant and the Pasaka and Kava-Ledai cafés). The stairwells of residential and public buildings became shelters, as did garden cottages and flats that were briefly turned into communes. For people on the “holy road” (which is what they called hitchhiking), there were old car bodies, train cars, sea dunes, roadside bushes, tents, kitchens of “kindred souls” in cities throughout the USSR, and monastic cells (in Lithuania, the occupying authorities had closed all the monasteries).

Lithuania’s most active hippies. From left: Lionginas Leščinskas-Leščius, Aleksandras Jegorovas-Džyza (1952–2014), Alvitas Taunys-Guru (1949–1979), Valerijus Viksmanas-Fikusas. Leščinskas is holding a western rock record album – a highly valued item among the young people at that time. These records fascinated them with the inexplicable magic of their music and their artistic covers.

Kaunas, 1970–1972. Photo author unknown (personal archive of Arūnė Taunytė)

The street attracted young people from different families, social backgrounds and cultures. A heart torn by anxiety, family disagreements and the grey, spineless environment was searching for itself. On the street, in pubs and in friends’ flats, wine was drunk, coffee was sipped, poems were read, the guitar was played, music was listened to, and records and tapes were exchanged. People met, fell in love, became friends, broke up, rarely got angry, and almost never fought. Hippie life brought children from families of different nationalities closer together. Many children of Soviet officers learned Lithuanian, fell in love with Lithuania, and – unlike their parents – appreciated its past and became patriots of this land.

Famous Lithuanian hippies. From left: Aleksandras Jegorovas-Džyza (1952–2014), Valerijus Viksmanas-Fikusas, Alvitas Taunys-Guru (1949–1979). Aleksandras was a true hippie legend – he was the life and soul of the party and took part in all of the big hippie events. After the 1972 self-immolation of Romas Kalanta, he participated in the Kaunas protests and fell out of favour with the authorities. He was repeatedly interrogated by KGB operatives, and eventually arrested and locked up in a the “loony bin” (which is what they used to call the psychoneurological dispensary) for some time. He was a member of the bands Chairs and Nuogi ant slenksčio (“Naked on the Threshold”), among others, and was one of the founders of the blues band Senas Kuinas (“Old Nag”). He was awarded the January 13 Commemorative Medal in independent Lithuania.

Occupied Lithuania, 1970–1972. Photo author unknown (personal archive of Arūnė Taunytė)

Some Lithuanians were sceptical of the hippie movement. However, they adopted the fashions and stereotypes of behaviour and thinking. The “flower children” culture affected everyone. In those days, who didn’t wear flowery clothes and bell bottoms? Who didn’t pluck at a guitar and listen to The Beatles or Led Zeppelin? Who didn’t hitchhike like they were one of Jack Kerouac’s heroes? Were they rebels? Only a few… It is difficult to describe the features of a real hippie. There was such a thing as “seasonal” hippies. During the summer holidays, young people would grow their hair and hitchhike to one of the Baltic and Slavic hippie Meccas: Palanga, Liepāja, Rīga, Tallinn, Tartu, Leningrad or Lviv. When the school year started, the communist system forced them to go home, get a haircut, put on their uniforms, and become “Soviet” again. So, as if in the theatre, loyalty to the system was simulated, but the mind and soul remained in rebellion.

Hippies at a rock music festival in Liepāja.

Occupied Latvia, 1977. Photo author unknown (personal archive of Gintautas Tiškus)

There were also those who did not make a career. The restless, who tried to understand themselves and their surroundings, paid dearly for it with a broken destiny. Their lives were like comets. Sincerity allowed them to see the world differently, to think differently. “Most of them did not become painters, poets, writers or musicians (almost nobody did), and they didn’t because one of those principles was to not live a lie…” Perhaps they were the real Lithuanian hippies?

Hippies at a rock music festival in Liepāja.

Occupied Latvia, 1977. Photo author unknown (personal archive of Gintautas Tiškus)

Hippies at a rock music festival in Liepāja.

Occupied Latvia, 1977. Photo author unknown (personal archive of Gintautas Tiškus)

Hippies at a rock music festival in Liepāja.

Occupied Latvia, 1977. Photo author unknown (personal archive of Gintautas Tiškus)

A photo of unidentified young supporters of the hippie movement that was found among the documents of the Kaunas City branch of the USSR Committee for State Security (KGB).

Occupied Lithuania, 1978–1990. Photo author unknown (Lithuanian Special Archives)

A photo of unidentified young supporters of the hippie movement that was found among the documents of the Kaunas City branch of the USSR Committee for State Security (KGB). The hippie communes that were emerging in Lithuania were broken up by the KGB and their members were persecuted.

Occupied Lithuania, 1978–1990. Photo author unknown (Lithuanian Special Archives)

Algimantas Šešelgis – one of the founders of Smūtkeliai, the first pop music club in Lithuania (1969–1971). The KGB persecuted the concert organizers and performers, and the club was shut down.

Photo author unknown (personal archive of Algimantas Šešelgis)

A hippie-style student at a forest campsite in Ignalina.

Ignalina District, late 1970s. Photo author unknown (personal archive of Stanislovas Masliukas)